Verbs: Confusion with other pos values

<BODY LANG="EN" bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000"> <P> <A NAME="efvcp"> </A><H3><A NAME="SECTION00092300000000000000">Verbs: Confusion with other <B>pos</B> values</A></H3> <P> Confusion may occur between the verbform <EM>infinitive</EM> and <EM>infinitives</EM> that are recategorised as <EM>nouns</EM>: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> is semantically autonomous and if a conceptual interpretation is possible, that is, an interpretation which is independent of parameters of a verbal process, then <EM>X</EM> is a noun. <P> <CENTER> <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=n</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=v</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>concrete noun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il apporte son<BR><B>manger</B><A NAME="36121"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>infinitive</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Manger</B><A NAME="36129"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v</FONT></SMALL>,<BR>c'est important</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>abstract nouns</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le <B>dire</B><A NAME="36149"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL> et<BR>le <B>faire</B><A NAME="36157"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>infinitive</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Dire</B><A NAME="36165"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v</FONT></SMALL> qqc. et<BR>ensuite le <B>faire</B><A NAME="36173"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> </CENTER> <P> Confusion may occur between the verbform <EM>past participle</EM> and <EM>past participles</EM> that are recategorised as <EM>nouns</EM>: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> is autonomous and if a conceptual interpretation is possible, then <EM>X</EM> is a noun. <P> <CENTER> <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=n</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=v & vf-m=part & tns=past</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>human actor</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>L'un des<BR><B>détenus</B><A NAME="36280"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL> a pu<BR>s'échapper de la prison</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>past participle of<BR>`détenir'</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il a<BR><B>détenu</B><A NAME="36290"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=past</FONT></SMALL><BR>de l'argent volé</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>object of a specific<BR>domain</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le <B>revenu</B><A NAME="36304"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL> des<BR>salariés va augmenter</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>past participle of<BR>`revenir'</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il est<BR><B>revenu</B><A NAME="36312"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=past</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>spatial delimitation</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il pense à son<BR><B>passé</B><A NAME="36336"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>past participle of<BR>`passer'</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il est <B>passé</B><A NAME="36346"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=past</FONT></SMALL> hier</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>predicative noun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il fait preuve de<BR>beaucoup de<BR><B>retenue</B><A NAME="36361"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>past participle of<BR>`retenir'</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Elle a été<BR><B>retenue</B><A NAME="36369"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=past</FONT></SMALL> pendant<BR>longtemps</TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> </CENTER> <P> Confusion may occur between the verbform <EM>past participle</EM> and <EM>past participles</EM> that are recategorised as <EM>adjectives</EM>: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> Given <EM>N</EM> a noun: If <EM>N</EM> + <EM>X</EM> exists independently of parameters related to a verbal process and/or the context of communication, then <EM>X</EM> is an adjective; otherwise, <EM>X</EM> is a past participle. <P> <CENTER> <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=a</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=v & vf-m=part & tns=past</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>adjective</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>les eaux <B>usées</B><A NAME="36471"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>past participle</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>des livres<BR><B>demandés</B><A NAME="36481"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v &<BR>vf-m=part & tns=past</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un homme<BR><B>décidé</B><A NAME="36507"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>c'est <B>décidé</B><A NAME="36519"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v &<BR>vf-m=part & tns=past</FONT></SMALL>,<BR>on va partir</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>la semaine<BR><B>passée</B><A NAME="36541"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>la semaine est<BR><B>passée</B><A NAME="36551"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v &<BR>vf-m=part & tns=past</FONT></SMALL> vite</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un homme<BR><B>marié</B><A NAME="36571"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>maintenant, il est<BR><B>marié </B><A NAME="36581"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v &<BR>vf-m=part & tns=past</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> </CENTER> <P> Confusion may occur between the verbform <EM>present participle</EM> and <EM>present participles</EM> that are recategorised as <EM>nouns</EM>: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> is autonomous and if a conceptual interpretation is possible, then <EM>X</EM> is a noun. <P> <CENTER> <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=n</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=v & vf-m=part & tns=pres</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>human actor</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il est<BR><B>étudiant</B><A NAME="36685"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=noun</FONT></SMALL> en<BR>linguistique</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>present participle</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>En <B>étudiant</B><A NAME="36695"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=pres</FONT></SMALL> il a appris<BR>beaucoup de choses</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Les<BR><B>croyants</B><A NAME="36712"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=noun</FONT></SMALL><BR>se sont réunis pour prier</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>En y <B>croyant</B><A NAME="36720"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=pres</FONT></SMALL> très fort,<BR>le miracle s'est produit</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Les<BR><B>participants</B><A NAME="36738"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=noun</FONT></SMALL><BR>des jeux Olympiques ...</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>En <B>participant</B><A NAME="36746"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=pres</FONT></SMALL> aux jeux, ...</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Les<BR><B>militants</B><A NAME="36762"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=noun</FONT></SMALL> de<BR>l'association pour la<BR>paix ...</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>En <B>militant</B><A NAME="36770"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=pres</FONT></SMALL> dans<BR>cette association ...</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>object of a specific<BR>domain</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il a pris un<BR><B>calmant</B><A NAME="36786"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=noun</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>present participle</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>En <B>calmant</B><A NAME="36794"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=pres</FONT></SMALL><BR>les enfants ...</TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> </CENTER> <P> Confusion may occur between the verbform <EM>present participle</EM> and <EM>present participles</EM> that are recategorised as <EM>adjectives</EM>: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> Given <EM>N</EM> a noun: If <EM>N</EM> + <EM>X</EM> exists independently of parameters related to a verbal process and/or the context of communication, then <EM>X</EM> is an adjective; otherwise, <EM>X</EM> is a present participle. The present participle is invariable, whereas the adjective is variable. <P> <CENTER> <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=a</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=v & vf-m=part & tns=pres</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>adjective</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>ces problèmes sont très<BR><B>embêtants</B><A NAME="37683"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>present participle</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Pierre s'amuse en<BR><B>embêtant</B><A NAME="37693"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v &<BR>vf-m=part & tns=pres</FONT></SMALL> Paul</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>cette femme est très<BR><B>croyante</B><A NAME="37708"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>En y <B>croyant</B><A NAME="37716"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v &<BR>vf-m=part & tns=pres</FONT></SMALL><BR>fort, le miracle est arrivé</TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> </CENTER> <P> Confusion may occur between the inflected forms of verbs, or complete sentences, and <EM>interjections</EM>: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v</FONT></SMALL> loses its referential function, and if <EM>X</EM> has emotive or phatic function, then <EM>X</EM>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=interjection</FONT></SMALL>. <P> <CENTER> <P> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=v</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=interjection</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>inflected verb form</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>allons</B><A NAME="37756"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v</FONT></SMALL> au bord de la mer</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>interjection</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>allons</B><A NAME="37764"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=interjection</FONT></SMALL> , on ne vas pas se fâcher!</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Tu <B>parles</B><A NAME="37781"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v</FONT></SMALL> bien.</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Tu parles</B><A NAME="37789"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=interjection</FONT></SMALL> , cela ne me plaît pas du tout!</TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> <P> </CENTER> <P> <HR> <P><ADDRESS> </ADDRESS> </BODY>