Linguistic trees

Trees may be constructed using the commands specified in lingmacros.sty and tree-dvips.sty. It is necessary to place a tree within a figure environment: this ensures proper conversion to HTML, as well as allowing the tree to float to a suitable place on the physical page. The command \modsmalltree{<numberofcolumns>}{<treetable>} (lingmacros.sty) allows tree nodes to be arranged on the basis of a tabular (table) structure. That is, each node is a cell of the table, and each row of the table represents a level of the tree. Spacing is achieved by leaving empty cells. A node itself is specified via a label and a contents (typically, a flat feature bundle). Each label must be unique for the tree it occurs in. The command \node{<label>}{<contents>} ( tree-dvips.sty) is used to specify a node: each table cell to be used as a node will thus have a \node{}{} command embedded in it. For example, \node{c}{finite} labels a particular node as node `c' and associates the feature value `finite' with it. The labels themselves do not appear: they are used only to identify nodes for processing purposes. Finally, nodes that are connected via branches are specified in a separate series of \nodeconnect{<node>}{<node>} commands, in pairwise fashion. This ensures that lines are drawn between all pairs of nodes that are connected by branches. It is important that \nodeconnect{}{} commands are given outside the \modsmalltree{}{} command.

It is equally possible to draw trees using a graphics editor, producing an EPS file and incorporating the tree in a figure environment as previously explained.

Figure 3.2 contains a tree structure. The commands to produce this structure are as follows:

\begin{figure}[!htb]
\vspace{1.5ex}
\centering
\modsmalltree{9}{&&&&\node{a}{Finiteness}\\
&\node{b}{non-finite}&&&&&\node{c}{finite}\\
&\node{d}{Verb-form/Mood}&&&&&\node{e}{Verb-form/Mood}\\
\node{f}{inf}&\node{g}{part}&\node{h}{ger}
&\node{i}{sup}&&\node{j}{ind}&\node{k}{sub}
&\node{l}{impr}&\node{m}{cond}
}
\nodeconnect{a}{b}
\nodeconnect{a}{c}
\nodeconnect{b}{d}
\nodeconnect{c}{e}
\nodeconnect{d}{f}
\nodeconnect{d}{g}
\nodeconnect{d}{h}
\nodeconnect{d}{i}
\nodeconnect{e}{j}
\nodeconnect{e}{k}
\nodeconnect{e}{l}
\nodeconnect{e}{m}
\caption{A tree structure\label{ls:ltree}}
\vspace{1.5ex}
\end{figure}

There are 4 rows to the table, i.e. 4 levels to the tree. The maximum number of table rows used is 9 (seen in the bottom row). You do not have to specify the remaining empty cells to the right of the rightmost occupied cell of a row as can be seen in all rows except the bottom row. However, it does not hurt to do so. Note that the \nodeconnect{}{} commands occur outside the scope of the \modsmalltree{}{} command: they immediately follow it and are still within the scope of the figure environment. The reason for this is that conversion to HTML will produce an image for the entire figure and requires commands to be in this order.

 figure562
Figure 3.2: A tree structure 

Numbered trees

It is possible to produce numbered linguistic trees, however, as for numbered linguistic example sentences, we do not recommend this unless absolutely necessary, as again duplication of material is involved for both LaTeX and HTML environments. Examples follow.

Trees: Example 1 -- A numbered tree

The index of the external thematic role is passed on to the maximal projection of its predicate as indicated in (3) where the external argument is underlined following Williams' notation.

(3)displaymath1938 

figure628

The example was produced by the following:

The index of the external thematic role is passed
on to the maximal projection of its predicate as 
indicated in (\ref{3ex6}) where the external 
argument is underlined following Williams' notation.

tex2html_wrap_inline1871begin{latexonly}

\enumsentence{\label{3ex6}
\evnup[6ex]{
\modsmalltree{3}{&\node{a}{VP$_{i}$}\\
\node{b}{V$_{i}$}& &\node{c}{\ldots}\\
\node{d}{chased:($\earg{Agent$_{i}$}$,Theme$_{j}$)}&&
}
}
}
\nodeconnect{a}{b}
\nodeconnect{a}{c}
\nodeconnect{b}{d}
tex2html_wrap_inline1871end{latexonly}
tex2html_wrap_inline1871begin{htmlonly}
\par
\begin{tabular}{ll}  
\begin{equation}
\mbox{\htmlimage{align=nojustify}.}
\end{equation}\label{3ex6}&\begin{figure}[h]
\htmlimage{align=middle}
\modsmalltree{3}{&\node{a}{VP$_{i}$}\\
\node{b}{V$_{i}$}& &\node{c}{\ldots}\\
\node{d}{chased:($\earg{Agent$_{i}$}$,Theme$_{j}$)}&&
}
\nodeconnect{a}{b}
\nodeconnect{a}{c}
\nodeconnect{b}{d}
\end{figure}
\end{tabular}    
\par
tex2html_wrap_inline1871end{htmlonly}

Points to note here are that again the layout format must be strictly adhered to, with respect particularly to the placement of labels and the inclusion of `.' in the equation environment. The command \evnup{} (lingmacros.sty) is required to line up the enumerated tree with the associated number on the page. For the version destined for conversion to HTML, the layout is quite complex: a tabular (effectively within \modsmalltree{}{}) inside a figure alongside an equation, both the latter inside a tabular.

Trees: Example 2 -- Two trees in a numbered example

Predication is stated as a coindexing procedure which relates a predicative phrase with a c-commanding NP at S-structure, as in (4):

(4)displaymath1938 

figure661

This example was produced as follows:

Predication is stated as a coindexing procedure 
which relates a predicative phrase with a 
c--commanding NP at S--structure, 
as in (\ref{3ex8}):

tex2html_wrap_inline1871begin{latexonly}

\enumsentence{\label{3ex8}
\evnup[9ex]{
\modsmalltree{4}{~&\node{a2}{S}&~&~\\
\node{b2}{NP}&~&\node{c2}{VP$_{i}$}&~\\
\node{d2}{John}&\node{e2}{V$_{i}$}&~&\node{f2}{\ldots}\\
~&\node{g2}{chased:($\earg{Agent$_{i}$}$, \ldots)}&~&~
}
$\Rightarrow$
\modsmalltree{4}{~&\node{A}{S}&~&~\\
\node{B}{NP$_{i}$}&~&\node{C}{VP$_{i}$}&~\\
\node{D}{John}&\node{E}{v$_{i}$}&~&\node{F}{\ldots}\\
~&\node{G}{chased:($\earg{Agent$_{i}$}$, \ldots)}&~&~
}
}
}
\nodeconnect{a2}{b2}
\nodeconnect{a2}{c2}
\nodeconnect{b2}{d2}
\nodeconnect{c2}{e2}
\nodeconnect{c2}{f2}
\nodeconnect{e2}{g2}
\nodeconnect{A}{B}
\nodeconnect{A}{C}
\nodeconnect{B}{D}
\nodeconnect{C}{E}
\nodeconnect{C}{F}
\nodeconnect{E}{G}
tex2html_wrap_inline1871end{latexonly}
tex2html_wrap_inline1871begin{htmlonly}
\par
\begin{tabular}{llcl}  
\begin{equation}\mbox{\htmlimage{align=nojustify}.} <NO LINE BREAK>
\end{equation}\label{3ex8}&\begin{figure}[h]
\htmlimage{align=middle}
\modsmalltree{4}{~&\node{a2}{S}&~&~\\
\node{b2}{NP}&~&\node{c2}{VP$_{i}$}&~\\
\node{d2}{John}&\node{e2}{V$_{i}$}&~&\node{f2}{\ldots}\\
~&\node{g2}{chased:($\earg{Agent$_{i}$}$, \ldots)}&~&~
}
$\Rightarrow$
\modsmalltree{4}{~&\node{A}{S}&~&~\\
\node{B}{NP$_{i}$}&~&\node{C}{VP$_{i}$}&~\\
\node{D}{John}&\node{E}{v$_{i}$}&~&\node{F}{\ldots}\\
~&\node{G}{chased:($\earg{Agent$_{i}$}$, \ldots)}&~&~
}
\nodeconnect{a2}{b2}
\nodeconnect{a2}{c2}
\nodeconnect{b2}{d2}
\nodeconnect{c2}{e2}
\nodeconnect{c2}{f2}
\nodeconnect{e2}{g2}
\nodeconnect{A}{B}
\nodeconnect{A}{C}
\nodeconnect{B}{D}
\nodeconnect{C}{E}
\nodeconnect{C}{F}
\nodeconnect{E}{G}
\end{figure}
\end{tabular}    
\par
tex2html_wrap_inline1871end{htmlonly}

No comment, apart from enjoy yourself if you want to splurge the time and effort required to do something like this and make sure that you follow the layout format exactly.


ceditor@tnos.ilc.pi.cnr.it