Core semantics of value weak personal pronoun

<BODY LANG="EN" bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000"> <P> <H3><A NAME="SECTION000610100000000000000">Core semantics of value <EM>weak personal pronoun</EM></A></H3> <P> <H4><A NAME="SECTION000610110000000000000">Weak personal pronouns: Morphological criterion</A></H4> <P> Weak personal pronouns are the only ones that have different paradigms according to the feature <B>case</B> with the values <EM>nominative</EM>, <EM>accusative</EM>, <EM>dative</EM> and <EM>oblique</EM>. They belong to the paradigms of `il' for the <EM>nominative case</EM>, `le' for the <EM>accusative case</EM> and `lui' for the <EM>dative case</EM>. We have also the <EM>personal pronouns</EM> `y' and `en' with the case value <EM>oblique</EM>. Notice that an allomorph exists for the weak personal pronoun of the first person singular, if it is used in an imperative sentence with positive value (compare: ``Tu me donnes du pain?'' and ``Donne-moi du pain''). The pronouns of the second person singular and plural in imperative sentences are <EM>weak reflexive pronouns</EM> and not <EM>weak personal pronouns</EM> (`Tourne-toi'; `Tournez-vous'). <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> has different paradigms according to the case-value (<EM> nom</EM>, <EM>acc</EM>, <EM>dat</EM> or <EM>obl</EM>), then <EM>X</EM> is a weak personal pronoun. <P> <EM>Examples</EM>: <P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL> <LI> <B>Il</B><A NAME="23750"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p & type=pers weak & case=nom</FONT></SMALL> mange. <LI> <B>Elle</B><A NAME="23758"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p & type=pers weak& case=nom</FONT></SMALL> <B>le</B><A NAME="23766"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p & type=pers weak & case=acc</FONT></SMALL> connaît. <LI> <B>Elle</B><A NAME="23774"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p & type=pers weak & case=nom</FONT></SMALL> <B>y</B><A NAME="23782"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p & type=pers weak & case=obl</FONT></SMALL> va. <LI> <B>Elle</B><A NAME="23790"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p & type=pers weak & case=nom</FONT></SMALL> <B>lui</B><A NAME="23798"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p & type=pers weak & case=dat</FONT></SMALL> plaît. <LI> Donne-<B>moi</B><A NAME="23806"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p & type=pers weak & case=dat</FONT></SMALL> du pain. <LI> Regarde-<B>moi</B><A NAME="23814"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p & type=pers weak & case=acc</FONT></SMALL> but:<BR> Regarde-<B>toi</B><A NAME="23822"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p & type=refl weak</FONT></SMALL>. </UL></P></DIV><P> <P> <H4><A NAME="SECTION000610120000000000000">Weak personal pronouns: Syntactic criterion</A></H4> <P> We consider `y' to be a <EM>weak personal pronoun</EM> and never an <EM>adverb</EM>, even if it has the function of a modifier of a clause or of a verb, because it has the same surface distribution as the other <EM>weak personal pronouns</EM>: <P> <EM>Examples</EM>: <P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL> <LI> Je travaille à mon appartement -- J'<B>y</B><A NAME="23849"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p</FONT></SMALL> travaille. (complement of a verb) <LI> Je travaille à Paris -- J'<B>y</B><A NAME="23857"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p</FONT></SMALL> travaille. (modifier of a verb) <LI> Pierre donne son adresse à Marie -- Pierre <B>lui</B><A NAME="23865"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p</FONT></SMALL> donne son adresse. (complement of a verb) </UL></P></DIV><P> <P> Furthermore, we have to be consistent with the <B>pos</B> value of `en' which is a pronoun: <P> <EM>Examples</EM>: <P><DIV ALIGN=LEFT><P ALIGN=LEFT><UL> <LI> Il l'empêche de travailler -- Il l'<B>en</B><A NAME="23889"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p</FONT></SMALL> empêche. (complement of a verb) <LI> il le frappa d'un baton -- Il l'<B>en</B><A NAME="23897"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p</FONT></SMALL> frappa. (modifier of a verb) </UL></P></DIV><P> <P> <HR> <P><ADDRESS> </ADDRESS> </BODY>