Nouns: Confusion with other pos values

<BODY LANG="EN" bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000"> <P> <A NAME="efncp"> </A><H3><A NAME="SECTION00042300000000000000">Nouns: Confusion with other <B>pos</B> values</A></H3> <P> Confusion can occur between the <B>pos</B> values <EM>noun</EM> and <EM>adjective</EM>; <EM>noun</EM> and <EM>past participle</EM>; <EM>noun</EM> and <EM>present participle</EM>; <EM>noun</EM> and <EM>adverb</EM>; and <EM>noun</EM> and <EM>pronoun</EM>. <P> The distinction between <EM>noun</EM> and <EM>adverb</EM> (see <A HREF="node8.html#efncon" target="_top">conceptual criterion</A>) may be investigated as follows: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> is autonomous and if a conceptual interpretation is possible, then <EM>X</EM> is a noun. <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=adverb</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=n</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>superlative: le+adv</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il mange le<BR><B>plus</B><A NAME="2547"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=adverb</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>noun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le <B>plus</B><A NAME="2555"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL><BR>qu'il puisse faire</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il mange le<BR><B>moins</B><A NAME="2573"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=adverb</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le <B>moins</B><A NAME="2581"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL><BR>qu'il puisse faire</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il a le<BR><B>meilleur</B><A NAME="2601"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=adverb</FONT></SMALL><BR>score;<BR>il est le<BR><B>meilleur</B><A NAME="2609"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=adverb</FONT></SMALL><BR>(joueur de football<BR>...)</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Ca, c'est la<BR><B>meilleure</B><A NAME="2617"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL>!</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il joue le<BR><B>mieux</B><A NAME="2633"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=adverb</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le <B>mieux</B><A NAME="2641"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL><BR>c'est de ...</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>adverb of place</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il est venu<BR><B>avant</B><A NAME="2660"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=adverb</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>noun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>La boîte à gants se<BR>trouve à<BR>l'<B>avant</B><A NAME="2668"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL><BR>de la voiture</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>anaphoric adverb of<BR>place</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le livre se trouve<BR><B>(là-)<BR>dessous</B><A NAME="2690"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=adverb</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>noun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>les <B>dessous</B><A NAME="2695"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>adverb of manner</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il travaille<BR><B>bien</B><A NAME="2713"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=adverb</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>noun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Nager fait du<BR><B>bien</B><A NAME="2721"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il écrit<BR><B>mal</B><A NAME="2738"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=adverb</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il a ce <B>mal</B><A NAME="2746"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL><BR>en lui</TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> A range of morphological units can be used both as <EM>noun</EM>s and as <EM>adjective</EM>s (see <A HREF="node8.html#efncon" target="_top">conceptual criterion</A>), thus we may apply the following: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> is autonomous and if a conceptual interpretation is possible, then <EM>X</EM> is a noun. <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=n</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=a</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>colour</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le <B>rouge</B><A NAME="2890"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL><BR>est une belle couleur</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>colour as qualification<BR>of an object</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un pantalon<BR><B>rouge</B><A NAME="2898"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL>;<BR> le pantalon bleu te va<BR>bien, mais pas le<BR><B>rouge</B><A NAME="2906"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>cardinal numbers</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le <B>sept</B><A NAME="2927"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL> est<BR>mon chiffre préféré</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>colour as cardinal<BR>adjectives</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>les <B>sept</B><A NAME="2935"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL> nains;<BR> les <B>sept</B><A NAME="2943"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL> sont<BR>venus</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>moral concept</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>aimer le <B>vrai</B><A NAME="2964"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL>;<BR>être dans le <B>vrai</B><A NAME="2972"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>veracity of an object;<BR>judgement</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un bijou <B>vrai</B><A NAME="2980"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL>;<BR>elle n'aime pas les faux<BR>bijoux, seulement les<BR><B>vrais</B><A NAME="2988"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>localisation</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le <B>bas</B><A NAME="3004"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL> de la<BR>montagne</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>dimension;<BR>height of an object</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un talon <B>bas</B><A NAME="3012"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL>;<BR>elle n'aime pas les talons<BR>hauts, (??) seulement les<BR>bas; ...ceux qui sont bas</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>predicative noun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>mettre qqn. au<BR><B>net</B><A NAME="3028"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>quality of an object</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un pantalon <B>net</B><A NAME="3036"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL>;<BR>(??) les nets; ...ceux qui sont nets</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>object of a specific<BR>domain</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un <B>antibiotique</B><A NAME="3052"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>type of procedure</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un traitement<BR><B>antibiotique</B><A NAME="3060"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>activity; domain</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le <B>sport</B><A NAME="3078"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL>;<BR>faire du <B>sport</B><A NAME="3086"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>type of an object</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>une voiture<BR><B>sport</B><A NAME="3094"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>masculine human</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un <B>homme</B><A NAME="3113"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL>;<BR>être (un)<BR><B>homme</B><A NAME="3121"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>type of an object</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un pantalon<BR><B>homme</B><A NAME="3129"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>human actor</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>cet historien<BR><B>autobiographe</B><A NAME="3146"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL><BR>a publié un livre</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>quality, type<BR>(derived adjective)</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un roman <B>autobio-<BR>graphique</B><A NAME="3154"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> A range of <EM>past participle</EM>s can be used as <EM>noun</EM>s (see <A HREF="node8.html#efncon" target="_top">conceptual criterion</A>), thus the following is appropriate: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> is autonomous and if a conceptual interpretation is possible, then <EM>X</EM> is a noun. <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=n</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=v & vf-m=part & tns=past</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>human actor</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>L'un des<BR><B>détenus</B><A NAME="3260"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL> a pu<BR>s'échapper de la prison</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>past participle of<BR>`détenir'</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il a<BR><B>détenu</B><A NAME="3270"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=past</FONT></SMALL><BR>de l'argent volé</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>object of a specific<BR>domain</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le <B>revenu</B><A NAME="3284"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL> des<BR>salariés va augmenter</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>past participle of<BR>`revenir'</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il est<BR><B>revenu</B><A NAME="3292"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=past</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>spatial delimitation</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il pense à son<BR><B>passé</B><A NAME="3316"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>past participle of<BR>`passer'</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il est <B>passé</B><A NAME="3326"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=past</FONT></SMALL> hier</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>predicative noun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il fait preuve de<BR>beaucoup de<BR><B>retenue</B><A NAME="3341"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>past participle of<BR>`retenir'</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Elle a été<BR><B>retenue</B><A NAME="3349"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=past</FONT></SMALL> pendant<BR>longtemps</TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> A range of <EM>past participle</EM>s can be used as <EM>noun</EM>s or as <EM> adjective</EM>s (see <A HREF="node8.html#efnsem" target="_top">semantic criterion</A>), thus the following test is appropriate: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> is autonomous and if a conceptual interpretation is possible, then <EM>X</EM> is a noun. <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=n</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=a</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>human actor</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>la jeune <B>mariée</B><A NAME="3429"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>social status for a<BR>human</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>la jeune femme<BR><B>mariée</B><A NAME="3439"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>spatial delimitation</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>le <B>passé</B><A NAME="3459"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>specification of time</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>la semaine<BR><B>passée</B><A NAME="3469"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> A range of <EM>present participle</EM>s can be used as <EM>noun</EM>s (see <A HREF="node8.html#efnsem" target="_top">semantic criterion</A>): <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> varies according to gender and number, and if <EM>X</EM> is, from a semantic point of view, autonomous, then <EM>X</EM> is a noun and not a present participle. For present participles, the features gender and number do not apply. <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=n</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=v & vf-m=part & tns=pres</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>human actor</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il est<BR><B>étudiant</B><A NAME="3572"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=noun</FONT></SMALL> en<BR>linguistique</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>present participle</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>En <B>étudiant</B><A NAME="3582"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=pres</FONT></SMALL> il a appris<BR>beaucoup de choses</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Les<BR><B>croyants</B><A NAME="3599"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=noun</FONT></SMALL><BR>se sont réunis pour prier</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>En y <B>croyant</B><A NAME="3607"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=pres</FONT></SMALL> très fort,<BR>le miracle s'est produit</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Les<BR><B>participants</B><A NAME="3625"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=noun</FONT></SMALL><BR>des jeux Olympiques ...</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>En <B>participant</B><A NAME="3633"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=pres</FONT></SMALL> aux jeux, ...</TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Les<BR><B>militants</B><A NAME="3649"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=noun</FONT></SMALL> de<BR>l'association pour la<BR>paix ...</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>En <B>militant</B><A NAME="3657"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=pres</FONT></SMALL> dans<BR>cette association ...</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>object of a specific<BR>domain</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il a pris un<BR><B>calmant</B><A NAME="3673"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=noun</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>present participle</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>En <B>calmant</B><A NAME="3681"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v<BR>& vf-m=part<BR>& tns=pres</FONT></SMALL><BR>les enfants ...</TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> A range of <EM>present participle</EM>s can be used as <EM>noun</EM>s or as <EM> adjective</EM>s (<A HREF="node8.html#efnsem" target="_top">semantic criterion</A>): <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> is autonomous and if a conceptual interpretation is possible, then <EM>X</EM> is a noun. <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=n</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=a</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>human actor</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>les <B>croyants</B><A NAME="3760"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL><BR>pratiquants vont à<BR>l'église</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>quality</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un homme<BR><B>croyant</B><A NAME="3768"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>les <B>militants</B><A NAME="3784"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL> de<BR>l'association pour la<BR>paix ...</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un communiste<BR><B>militant</B><A NAME="3792"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>object of a specific<BR>domain</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>un <B>calmant</B><A NAME="3808"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>quality</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>une potion<BR><B>calmante</B><A NAME="3816"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=a</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> Confusion can occur between the <B>pos</B> values <EM>noun</EM> and <EM>verb</EM> (see semantic criterion): <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> is autonomous and if a conceptual interpretation is possible, then <EM>X</EM> is a noun. <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=n</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=v</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>concrete noun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il apporte son<BR><B>manger</B><A NAME="3895"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>infinitive</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Manger</B><A NAME="3903"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v</FONT></SMALL>,<BR>c'est important</TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>abstract nouns</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Le <B>dire</B><A NAME="3923"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL> et<BR>le <B>faire</B><A NAME="3931"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>infinitive</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Dire</B><A NAME="3939"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v</FONT></SMALL> qqc. et<BR>ensuite le <B>faire</B><A NAME="3947"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=v</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> Distinction between <EM>noun</EM> and <EM>pronoun</EM>: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM> is autonomous and if a conceptual interpretation is possible, then <EM>X</EM>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL>. Otherwise, if <EM>X</EM> or <EM>Det +</EM> <EM>X</EM> substitutes for a NP that is present in the extralinguistic context, then <EM>X</EM>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p</FONT></SMALL> or (<EM>Det +</EM> <EM>X</EM>)/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p</FONT></SMALL>. <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=p</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=n</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>pronoun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>Il lui a donné<BR><B>tout</B><A NAME="4875"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p</FONT></SMALL> /<BR><B>le tout</B><A NAME="4883"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>noun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>cela forme<BR><B>un</B><A NAME="4891"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=article</FONT></SMALL><BR><B>tout</B><A NAME="4899"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>C'est pour<BR><B>moi</B><A NAME="4916"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=p</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>``Le <B>moi</B><A NAME="4924"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL><BR>consiste dans ma<BR>pensée'' (Pascal)</TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> Confusion can occur between the <B>pos</B> values <EM>noun</EM> and <EM>interjection</EM>: <P> <EM>Test</EM>: <P> If <EM>X</EM>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL> loses its referential function, and if <EM>X</EM> has emotive or phatic function, then <EM>X</EM>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=interjection</FONT></SMALL>. <P> <CENTER> <TABLE COLS=4 BORDER FRAME=BOX RULES=GROUPS> <COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT><COLGROUP><COL ALIGN=LEFT> <TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2> <B>pos=n</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=CENTER NOWRAP COLSPAN=2><B>pos=interjection</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Description</B></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> <B>Example</B></TD></TR> </TBODY><TBODY> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>noun</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>le <B>diable</B><A NAME="4963"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>interjection</TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>diable! </B><A NAME="4971"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=interjection</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>la <B>merde</B><A NAME="4989"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>merde! </B><A NAME="4997"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=interjection</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>de la <B>purée</B><A NAME="5022"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>purée! </B><A NAME="5032"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=interjection</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> <TR><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>  </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP>une <B>flûte</B><A NAME="5052"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=n</FONT></SMALL></TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP> </TD><TD VALIGN=BASELINE ALIGN=LEFT NOWRAP><B>flûte! </B><A NAME="5062"> </A>/<SMALL CLASS=FOOTNOTE><FONT color=#ff0000>pos=interjection</FONT></SMALL></TD></TR> </TBODY> </TABLE> </CENTER> <P> <HR> <P><ADDRESS> </ADDRESS> </BODY>